Business and Human Rights in a Time of Change (Christopher L. Avery, Nov. 1999)
Endnotes 1-99
links to endnotes 100-199...endnotes 200-299...endnotes 300-399...endnotes 400-521
[1] P. Drucker, Post-Capitalist Society (New York: HarperBusiness, 1993).
[2] Ibid., p. 8.
[3] L. Thurow, The Future of Capitalism (New York: Penguin Books, 1996), p. 8.
[4] Ibid., pp. 66-67.
[5] Recent books/articles raising questions or concerns about the effects of globalisation include: W. Allmand/International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, "Trading in Human Rights: The Need for Human Rights Sensitivity at the World Trade Organization" (Mar. 1999); S. Anderson, et al., Field Guide to the Global Economy (New York: New Press, forthcoming Feb. 2000); S. Beder, Global Spin: The Corporate Assault on Environmentalism (White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Co., 1998); C. Caufield, Masters of Illusion: The World Bank and the Poverty of Nations (New York: Henry Holt & Company, Inc., 1997); M. Chossudovsky, The Globalisation of Poverty: Impacts of IMF and World Bank Reforms (London: Zed Books Ltd., 1997); Christian Aid/M. Lockwood and P. Madden, "Closer Together, Further Apart: A discussion paper on globalisation" (Sept. 1997), <http://www.christian-aid.org.uk/f_reports.htm>, accessed on 28 July 1999; Christian Aid/A. Wood and M. Lockwood, "The Perestroika of Aid? New Perspectives on Conditionality" (Mar. 1999), <http://www.christian-aid.org.uk/f_reports.htm>, accessed on 28 July 1999; J. Fox and L. Brown, eds., The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1998); T. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999); J. Gray, False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism (New York: The New Press, 1998); W. Greider, One World, Ready or Not (New York: Touchstone/Simon & Schuster, 1997); Harvard Law School Human Rights Program, Business and Human Rights: An Interdisciplinary Discussion Held at Harvard Law School in December 1997 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Law School Human Rights Program, 1999); International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development/D. Bronson and S. Rousseau, "Working Paper on Globalization and Workers' Human Rights" (26 Oct. 1995), <http://www.ichrdd.ca/PublicationsE/apecen.html>, accessed on 11 Aug. 1999; C. Jochnick, "The Human Rights Challenge to Global Poverty" (Feb. 1999), Center for Economic and Social Rights website ("publications"), <http://www.cesr.org/>, accessed on 11 Aug. 1999; J. Karliner, The Corporate Planet: Ecology and Politics in the Age of Globalization (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1997); D. Korten, When Corporations Rule the World (West Hartford, Connecticut: Kumarian Press, 1995); San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 1995); E. Lee, The Asian Financial Crisis: The challenge for social policy (Geneva: International Labour Office, 1998); C. LeQuesne, Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Priorities (Oxford: Oxfam Publications, 1996); J. Madeley, Big Business, Poor Peoples: The Impact of Transnational Corporations on the World's Poor (London: Zed Books, 1999); J. Mander and E. Goldsmith, eds., The Case against the Global Economy (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1996); Oxfam Policy Department, A Case for Reform: Fifty Years of the IMF and World Bank (Oxford: Oxfam Publications, 1995); R. Papini, et al., eds., Living in the Global Society (Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing, 1997); D. Rodrik, Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1997); D. Rodrik, The New Global Economy and Developing Countries: Making Openness Work (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1999); S. Sassen and K. Appiah, Globalization and Its Discontents: Essays on the New Mobility of People and Money (New York: New Press, 1999); G. Soros, "The Capitalist Threat," Atlantic Monthly (Feb. 1997), <http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97feb/contents.htm>, accessed on 28 May 1999; G. Soros, "Toward a Global Open Society," Atlantic Monthly (Jan. 1998), pp. 20-32; G. Soros, and G. Shandler, ed., The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered (New York: PublicAffairs, 1998); A. Taylor and C. Thomas, eds., Global Trade and Global Social Issues (London: Routledge, 1999); K. Thanawala, "Promoting Justice in the International Economy: Role of the Church, Governments and Business" (undated, Villanova University), <http://www.stthomas.edu/cathstudies/cstm/antwerp/p24.htm>, accessed on 11 Aug. 1999; K. Thanawala, "Toward a Just World Economy," Review of Social Economy XLIX (1991), pp. 628-37; L. Thurow, The Future of Capitalism, supra n. 3; K. Watkins, Economic Growth with Equity: Lessons from East Asia (Oxford: Oxfam Publications, 1998); J. Wiseman, ed., Alternatives to Globalisation: An Asia-Pacific Perspective (Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia: Community Aid Abroad, 1997).
[6] J. Garten, "Globalism Doesn't Have to be Cruel," Business Week (9 Feb. 1998).
[7] Drucker, Post-Capitalist Society, supra n. 1, p. 57.
[8] Ibid., pp. 80, 97, 101.
[9] U.N., Universal Declaration of Human Rights, <http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/index.htm>, accessed on 23 May 1999.
[10] U.N. World Conference on Human Rights, The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted 25 June 1993, Art. 5, <http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu5/d/vienna.htm>, accessed on 23 May 1999.
[11] World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).
[12] M. Friedman, "The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits," New York Times Magazine (13 Sep. 1970).
[13] J. Welch, Jr., "A CEO Forum: What Corporate Social Responsibility Means to Me; Wanted: Teachers and Leaders," Business and Society Review, No. 81 (spring 1992), p. 88.
[14] Tata Council for Community Initiatives, Statement by Ratan Tata at meeting of Tata Council for Community Initiatives, 8 May 1996.
[15] JRD Tata letter inviting Justice Mr S P Kotwal to head the Social Audit Committee of Tata Steel, 1979, quoted in Tata Community Initiatives, "Social accounting and auditing: Why social accounting?" (undated).
[16] J. Makower, Beyond the Bottom Line (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 13.
[17] Ibid., pp. 31-32.
[18] Ibid., p. 23.
[19] "Green light for partnership," The Shield Magazine: The international magazine of the BP Group, Issue One (1998), pp. 34-35.
[20] G. Soros, "The Capitalist Threat," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 279, No. 2 (Feb. 1997), <http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97feb/capital/capital.htm>, accessed on 1 Nov. 1998.
[21] Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, Tomorrow's Company: The role of business in a changing world (Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Gower, 1995), p. 1, see also the "Tomorrow's Company" website: <http://www.tomorrowscompany.com/>, accessed on 8 June 1999; M. McIntosh, et al., Corporate Citizenship: Successful Strategies for Responsible Companies (London: Financial Times/Pitman Publishing, 1998), p.47.
[22] Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, Tomorrow's Company, supra n. 21, p. iii.
[23] Ibid., p. ii.
[24] Ibid., p. 10.
[25] Ibid.
[26] L. Wah, "Treading the Sacred Ground," Management Review (July/Aug. 1998), p. 21.
[27] Ibid.
[28] P. Schwartz and B. Gibb, When Good Companies Do Bad Things: Responsibility and Risk in an Age of Globalization (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999), p. xi; Telephone interview with staff at Columbia University Graduate School of Business, 13 Aug. 1999.
[29] C. Marsden, Warwick Business School Corporate Citizenship Unit, "Human rights teaching in Business schools," Human rights & Business matters (Amnesty International UK Business Group Newsletter) (spring 1999), p. 4.
[30] Asian Institute of Management, Center for Development Management (undated).
[31] Ibid.
[32] Royal Dutch/Shell, "Statement of General Business Principles" (1997), <http://www.shell.com/principles/general_a.html>, accessed on 24 May 1999.
[33] Royal Dutch/Shell, The Shell Report 1999: People, planet & profits: An act of commitment (1999), <http://www.shellreport.com>, accessed on 28 Apr. 1999.
[34] Ibid., p. 2.
[35] "Announcing The Next Bottom Line: Agenda for the 21st Century," Business Week (1 Mar. 1999), p. 17.
[36] C. M. Armstrong, "A Global Alliance for the 21st Century," in special advertising section ("The Next Bottom Line"), Business Week (3 May 1999).
[37] J. Lash, "The New Millenium and the Next Bottom Line," introduction to special advertising section ("The Next Bottom Line"), Business Week (3 May 1999).
[38] "The Dayton Hudson Foundation" and "50+ Years of Giving," <http://www.dhc.com/dhf/index.htm>, accessed on 31 May 1999.
[39] Human Resources Network, An Evaluation of the Dayton Hudson Giving Program (21 Mar. 1983).
[40] J. Elkington, Cannibals with forks:The triple bottom line of 21st century business (Oxford: Capstone Publishing, 1997), p. 125.
[41] Drucker, Post-Capitalist Society, supra n. 1, p. 80.
[42] Ibid., p. 101.
[43] Ibid., p. 97.
[44] U.N. General Assembly, United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development, adopted 4 Dec. 1986, Art. 6(2), <http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/74.htm>, accessed on 22 May 1999.
[45] The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, supra n. 10, Art. 10.
[46] "A Government by the People: Kim Dae Jung on what he wants for his country," Time (Asia Edition), Vol. 151, No. 8 (2 Mar. 1998), <http://cgi.pathfinder.com/time/asia/magazine/1998/980302/qa.html>, accessed on 10 Apr. 1998.
[47] A. Sen, "Economics and the value of freedom," Civilization: The Magazine of the Library of Congess (June/July 1999), p. 84, <http://www.civmag.com/>, accessed on 12 Aug. 1999.
[48] C. Forcese, Profiting From Misfortune? The Role of Business Corporations in Promoting and Protecting International Human Rights, MA Thesis, Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, Ottawa (1997), referred to in C. Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce: Strategies for making human rights business as usual (Montréal: International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, 1997), p. 18.
[49] OECD, Trade, Employment and Labour Standards, COM/DEELSA/TD(96)8/FINAL (1996), p. 42; referred to in Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce, supra n. 48, p. 18. The OECD study examined 38 emerging markets and found that 15 countries made improvements in free association after making trade reforms; 9 countries made such improvements before making trade reforms; 8 countries made such improvements at the same time as making trade reforms; 6 countries made no such improvements before, during or after trade reforms.
[50] OECD, Trade, Employment and Labour Standards, supra n. 49, p. 47, referred to in Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce, supra n. 48, p. 18.
[51] Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce, supra n. 48, p. 19.
[52] D. Orentlicher and T. Gelatt, "Public Law, Private Actors: The Impact of Human Rights on Business Investors in China," 14 Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business (1993), pp. 100-101, referred to in Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce, supra n. 48, pp. 19-20.
[53] Amnesty International, China: No one is safe - An Amnesty International Briefing, AI Index ASA 17/02/96 (Mar. 1996).
[54] J. Allen, The Essential Desmond Tutu (Cape Town: David Philip Publishers/Mayibuye Books, 1997), pp. 39-40.
[55] Aung San Suu Kyi, "Empowerment for a Culture of Peace and Development" (address delivered on her behalf at a Nov. 1994 meeting of UNESCO's World Commission on Culture and Development and at a Dec. 1994 forum for Democratic Leaders in the Asia-Pacific), in Aung San Suu Kyi, Freedom from Fear and other writings (London: Penguin Books, 1995), p. 267.
[56] "Burma's Suu Kyi: Take your investments elsewhere, please," Business Week (30 Mar. 1998).
[57] Canadian Friends of Burma (CFOB), Dirty Clothes-Dirty System (Ottawa, CFOB, 1996), p. 51, referred to in Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce, p. 18.
[58] Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce, supra n. 48, pp. 22-24.
[59] New York Times (6 Dec. 1998).
[60] C. Fombrun, Reputation: Realizing Value from the Corporate Image (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1996), pp. 10, 32.
[61] Ibid., pp. 5-6, 8-9.
[62] J. Nelson/The Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum, Business as Partners in Development: Creating wealth for countries, companies and communities (London: The Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum, 1996), pp. 47, 52.
[63] G. Chandler, "Human rights have everything to do with business," The Observer (U.K.) (19 May 1996).
[64] G. Chandler, "People and profits," The Guardian (14 Nov. 1996).
[65] BP, BP Social Report 1997 (1998), p. 1.
[66] Elkington, Cannibals with forks, supra n. 40, p. 110.
[67] Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce, supra n. 48, p. 12.
[68] International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development (ICHRDD), "Globalisation, Trade and Human Rights: The Canadian Business Perspective," Summary report, Conference held on 22 Feb. 1996, in Toronto, Canada, <http://www.ichrdd.ca/PublicationsE/reposum.html>, accessed on 18 Mar. 1999.
[69] Reebok, Reebok Human Rights Production Standards, <http://www.reebok.com/human_rights.html>, accessed on 23 May 1999.
[70] J. Ayala II, "Philanthropy Makes Business Sense," Business Day (Bangkok) (25 Sep. 1995); J. Ayala II, "Philanthropy Makes Business Sense," Ayala Foundation Inc. Quarterly Vol. 4, No. 2 (July-Sep,Oct-Nov 1995), p. 3.
[71] David Lewin is the Neil Jacoby Professor of Management, Organizational Behavior and Human Resources at the Anderson Graduate School of Management at UCLA (University of California - Los Angeles).
[72] D. Lewin and J. M. Sabater, "Corporate Philanthropy and Business Performance," Philanthropy at the Crossroads (Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press, 1996), pp. 105-126.
[73] Ibid, p. 124.
[74] Ibid, pp. 118-125.
[75] C. Verschoor, "A Study of The Link Between a Corporation's Financial Performance and Its Commitment to Ethics," Journal of Business Ethics (Oct. 1998), p. 1515.
[76] R. Kanter, "From Spare Change to Real Change: The Social Sector as Beta Site for Business Innovation," Harvard Business Review (May-June 1999), p. 124.
[77] "From austerity to prosperity: Profile, Bangchak Petroleum managing director Sophon Suphaphong," Bangkok Post (11 Dec. 1996), "Outlook" section, p. 1.
[78] A. Panyarachun, "Human Rights and Business Ethics," International Symposium on Human Rights and Business Ethics (24 Oct. 1998), Bangkok, <http://www.thaiembdc.org/pressctr/statemnt/others/hr_102498.htm>, accessed 18 Mar. 1999.
[79] B. Daviss, "Profits from Principle: Five Forces Redefining Business," The Futurist (Mar. 1999), p. 30.
[80] Centre for Tomorrow's Company, "What is Tomorrow's Company?" <http://www.tomorrowscompany.com/whatis_intro.html>, accessed on 20 Sep. 1999.
[81] Wah, "Treading the Sacred Ground," Management Review, supra n. 26, p. 19.
[82] Elkington, Cannibals with forks, supra n. 40, pp. 151-52.
[83] J. Kennedy, "API: Petroleum execs face non-market hurdles," Oil & Gas Journal (16 Nov. 1998), pp. 36-37.
[84] P. Sutherland, address to Amnesty International event, Dublin (26 Sep. 1997), pp. 2-3, <http://www.bpamoco.com/speeches/sp_9709.htm>, accessed on 27 May 1999.
[85] Ibid., pp. 6-7.
[86] J. Browne, "Corporate Responsibility in an International Context," address to Council on Foreign Relations, New York, 17 Nov. 1997, p. 6, <http://www.bpamoco.com/_nav/pressoffice/speech.htm?>, accessed on 18 Apr. 1999.
[87] BP Amoco, "On the side of Human Rights," <http://www.bpamoco.com/human rights/article.htm>, accessed on 23 May 1999.
[88] Business for Social Responsibility, "Human Rights: Business Importance," <http://www.bsr.org/resourcecenter/>, accessed on 5 June 1999.
[89] Amnesty International, "ASEM: A human rights agenda for ASEM II (Asia-Europe Meeting), 3-4 April 1998, London" (AI Index 01/03/98, Feb. 1998), p. 4.
[90] Schwartz and Gibb, When Good Companies Do Bad Things, supra n. 28, pp. 78-79.
[91] Thurow, The Future of Capitalism, supra n. 3, p. 281.
[92] Ibid., p. 280.
[93] Drucker, Post-Capitalist Society, supra n. 1, p. 80.
[94] P. Drucker, Drucker on Asia: A dialogue between Peter Drucker and Isao Nakauchi (Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997), p. 128.
[95] Drucker, Post-Capitalist Society, supra n. 1, pp. 66.
[96] "Center Study Shows Good Image Boosts Employee Loyalty," Corporate Community Relations Letter, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Oct. 1995), pp. 1,3.
[97] "The Importance of Good Corporate Citizenship," The Wirthlin Report, Vol. 5, No. 9 (Oct. 1995), p. 1.
[98] Schwartz and Gibb, When Good Companies Do Bad Things, supra n. 28, p. 64.
[99] See, for example, Human Rights Watch, The Price of Oil: Corporate Responsibility and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria's Oil Producing Communities (Jan. 1999), <http://www.hrw.org/hrw/reports/1999/nigeria/index.htm>, accessed on 27 May 1999.