Business and Human Rights in a Time of Change (Christopher L. Avery, Nov. 1999)
Endnotes 200-299
links to endnotes 1-99...endnotes 100-199...endnotes 300-399...endnotes 400-521
[200] Telephone interview with G. Crijns, Business Coordinator, Amnesty International Dutch Section, 14 Apr. 1999.
[201] BP, BP Social Report 1997 (1998).
[202] Royal Dutch/Shell, The Shell Report 1999: People, planet & profits, supra n. 33, p. 28.
[203] "Localities with Burma Selective Purchasing Laws," <http://www.soros.org/burma/citylist.html>, accessed on 2 Apr. 1999.
[204] Ibid.
[205] Ibid.
[206] S. Billenness, "Companies Take to the Courts: Case Against Burma Law Now Likely" (15 Apr. 1998), <http://soros.org/burma/le41598.html>, accessed on 2 Apr. 1999.
[207] Ibid.
[208] USA*Engage, <http://www.usaengage.org>, accessed on 2 Apr. 1999.
[209] M. Kelly, "U.S. companies doing business in Myanmar are protest targets," Star Tribune (Minneapolis) (27 May 1996), <http://danenet.wicip.org/fbc/files/article20.html>, accessed on 6 June 1999; Free Burma Coalition, "PepsiCo and Burma," <http://danenet.wicip.org/fbc/pepsi.html>, accessed on 6 June 1999.
[210] R. Mokhiber and R. Weissman, "Sanctioning Burma, Sanctioning the United States," Focus on the Corporation (23 Dec. 1997), <http://www.essential.org/monitor/focus/focus.9707.html>, accessed on 2 Apr. 1999; "Advocates vow boycott of companies in Myanmar", Journal of Commerce, <http://www.joc.com/>, accessed on 2 Apr. 1999.
[211] S. Billenness, "Burma Law on Trial: Case Threatens Anti-Apartheid Legacy," Investing for a Better World (Apr. 1999), p. 1.
[212] "Advocates vow boycott of companies in Myanmar", supra n. 210.
[213] Telephone interview with S. Billenness, Trillium Asset Management, 20 Apr. 1999; "Burma government follows ruling on Massachusetts boycott law," Boston Globe (6 Nov. 1998), <http://shweinc.com/news/19981106-3.shtml>, accessed on 2 Apr. 1999.
[214] Billenness, "Burma Law on Trial," supra n. 211, p. 1.
[215] "EU files brief with US District Court in Massachusetts," The European Union Press Releases, No. 65/98 (8 July 1998), <http://www.eurunion.org/news/press/1998-3/pr65-98.htm>, accessed on 2 Apr. 1999.
[216] Mokhiber and Weissman, "Sanctioning Burma, Sanctioning the United States", supra n. 210.
[217] USA*Engage, "Amicus Briefs Filed in Support of the National Foreign Trade Council," <http://www.usaengage.org/background/lawsuit/ProAmicusBriefs.html>, accessed on 2 Apr. 1999.
[218] S. Billenness, "Burma Law on Trial," supra n. 211, p. 1.
[219] Ibid., p. 5.
[220] Ibid., p. 4
[221] Public Citizen/Global Trade Watch, "Federal Appeals Court Rules Against MA Burma Law" (23 June 1999), <http://www.citizen.org/pctrade/burma/update2.htm>, accessed on 30 July 1999; Judgement in the case of National Foreign Trade Council v. Natsios and Anderson, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (22 June 1999), <http://www.law.emory.edu/1circuit/june99/98-2304.01a.html>, accessed on 30 July 1999.
[222] V. Kroa and S. Billenness, "Massachusetts to Appeal Burma Law Ruling to U.S. Supreme Court," Investing for a Better World (Sep. 1999), p. 2; E. Iritani, "Ruling on Myanmar Ban to Go to High Court," Los Angeles Times (13 July 1999), p. C-4, <http://www.latimes.com/>, accessed on 30 July 1999; B. Geman, "Supreme challenge," The Boston Phoenix (15-22 July 1999), <http://www.bostonphoenix.com/alt1/index.html/archive/features/99/07/15/POLITICS.html>, accessed on 30 July 1999; R. Holding, "Winds May Be Shifting for S.F.'s Foreign Policy," San Francisco Chronicle (11 July 1999), <http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1999/07/11/SC100286.DTL>, accessed on 30 July 1999.
[223] Kroa and Billenness, "Massachusetts to Appeal Burma Law Ruling to U.S. Supreme Court," supra n. 222, p. 2.
[224] L. Miller/Associated Press, "Burma Law Supporters Stretch from Coast to Coast" (20 Oct. 1999).
[225] Ibid.
[226] S. Billenness, "Burma Law on Trial," supra n. 211, p. 5.
[227] "Burma government follows ruling on Massachusetts boycott law," Boston Globe (6 Nov. 1998), <http://shweinc.com/news/19981106-3.shtml>, accessed on 15 Apr. 1999.
[228] "Advocates vow boycott of companies in Myanmar," supra n. 210.
[229] Telephone interview with S. Billenness, Trillium Asset Management, 30 July 1999.
[230] "Shell faces Saro-Wiwa legal action," Independent on Sunday (U.K.) (23 May 1999), <http://www.globalarchive.ft.com/search/FTJSPController.htm>, accessed on 30 July 1999; G. Malkani, "US groups come under spotlight over human rights abroad: An energy company faces the possibility of being held liable for abuses by the Burmese army. Gautam Malkani reports:," Financial Times (5 July 1999), <http://www.globalarchive.ft.com/search/FTJSPController.htm>, accessed on 30 July 1999; E. Press, "Texaco on Trial," The Nation (31 May 1999), <http://www.thenation.com/>, accessed on 11 Aug. 1999; "Aguinda v. Texaco; Jota v. Texaco," <http://www.texacorainforest.org>, accessed on 11 Aug. 1999; Order granting in part and denying in part defendant Unocal's motion to dismiss in case of Doe v Unocal Corp., U.S. District Court for the Central District of California (25 Mar. 1997), <http://diana.law.yale.edu/diana/db/31198-1.html>, accessed on 30 July 1999.
[231] M. Hood and N. Penniman, "Environmental, Human Rights and Women's Groups Petition California Attorney General To Revoke UNOCAL's Charter" (10 Sep. 1998), <http://www.igc.org/igc/en/hg/unocal.html>, accessed on 15 Apr. 1999.
[232] R. Benson, "Soft on Crime?" The Recorder (San Francisco) (14 Oct. 1998), reproduced as "Charter Revocation Article Appears in Nationwide Legal Press," <http://www.heed.net/updates.html> (Update #8, 22 Nov. 1998), accessed on 15 Apr. 1999.
[233] Hood and Penniman, "Environmental, Human Rights and Women's Groups Petition California Attorney General to Revoke UNOCAL's Charter," supra n. 231.
[234] "Bar Group Blasts Attorney General's Refusal to Act on Unocal Petition," <http://www.heed.net/updates.html> (Update #2, 17 Sep. 1998), accessed on 15 Apr. 1999.
[235] "Petition Re-filed with Attorney General Lockyer and Governor Davis" (Update #11, 14 Apr. 1999), <http://www.heed.net/update11.html>, accessed on 21 Apr. 1999; "Action Alert: Attorney General Lockyer turns his back on Unocal petition" (Update #13, 23 June 1999), <http://www.heed.net/update13.html>, accessed on 28 July 1999.
[236] "Great News Flash: Huge Victory against Unocal. Oil giant pulls out of Afghanistan due, in part, to our pressure to revoke its charter over women's issue," <http://www.heed.net/updates.html> (Update #9, 6 Dec. 1998), accessed on 15 Apr. 1999.
[237] Benson, "Soft on Crime?" supra n. 232; "Petition Re-filed with Attorney General Lockyer and Governor Davis," <http://www.heed.net/update11.html> (Update #11, 14 Apr. 1999), accessed on 21 Apr. 1999.
[238] Telephone interview with Professor R. Benson, 22 Apr. 1999; R. Benson, "Soft on Crime?" supra n. 232.
[239] J. Wilcox, "Making the Best of Shareholder Resolutions," Insights, the Corporate and Securities Law Advisor, Vol. 9 (1995), p. 12, referred to in Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce, supra n. 48, p. 63.
[240] S. Billenness, "Shareholder Activism: Big Oil Takes Some Baby Steps," in Franklin Research's Insight, Investing For A Better World (Sep. 1998), p. 7.
[241] Canadian Press (16 Jan. 1996), quoted in Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce, supra n. 48, p. 66.
[242] Associated Press/M. Gordon, "Shareholder Democracy" (1999).
[243] See, for example, the following publications by Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility: The Proxy Resolutions Book January 1999 (1999); "1998 Proxy Season Report," The Corporate Examiner Vol. 27, No. 1 (20 Aug. 1998); "The Shareholder Activism Center," <http://www.socialfunds.com>, accessed on 22 Apr. 1999.
[244] Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility, "Corporate Social Responsibility Challenges 1999," The Corporate Examiner, Vol. 28, No. 3-4 (8 Mar. 1999).
[245] Ibid., p. 13.
[246] IRRC, Corporate Social Issues Reporter (Mar. 1996), p. 2; "IRRC" <http://www.irrc.org/index.html>, accessed on 1 June 1999.
[247] IRRC, "Human Rights and Labor Rights Issues," IRRC Social Issues Service, 1996 Background Report J.
[248] Ibid., 1996 Background Report J:1.
[249] Ibid., 1996 Background Report J:2.
[250] Ibid., 1996 Background Report J:3.
[251] IRRC, Corporate Social Issues Reporter (Mar. 1996).
[252] Associated Press/M. Gordon, "Shareholder Democracy" (1999); "The Shareholder Activism Center," supra n. 243.
[253] S. Schueth, "Social investing," <http://www.socialfunds.com> (click "Education," then "Social Investing") accessed on 20 Sep. 1999.
[254] Ibid.
[255] C. Sorrell Jr, "Socially responsible funds: Human rights and investment," in Reoch (ed.), Human Rights: The new consensus, supra n. 173, pp. 154-55.
[256] EIRIS (The Ethical Investment Research Service), "New funds widen investor choice," The Ethical Investor (Nov./Dec. 1998), p. 2; EIRIS, "Ethical funds are now worth over £2 billion," The Ethical Investor: The EIRIS Guide for Unit Trust Managers (Mar./Apr. 1999), p. I.
[257] Community Growth Fund, Community Growth Fund and Community Income Fund (Dec. 1994).
[258] Community Growth Fund, The CGF Report (30 June 1996); "Politically correct investment," supplement to Mail & Guardian (South Africa) ("Investing in the Future: Special focus on corporate social responsibility") (27 Mar.-2 Apr. 1998), p. 13.
[259] Community Growth Fund, Community Growth Fund and Community Income Fund (Dec. 1994).
[260] A. Crotty, "Fund blows the whistle on companies' labour practices," Business Report (South Africa) (15 Dec. 1995).
[261] "Investing in upliftment," supplement to Mail & Guardian ("Investing in the Future: Special focus on corporate social responsibility") (27 Mar.-2 Apr. 1998), p. 4; "A bid to provide real social benefits," supplement to Mail & Guardian ("Investing in the Future: Special focus on corporate social responsibility") (Oct. 1997), p. 18.
[262] "www.democracy.com", The Economist (3 Apr. 1999), p. 58.
[263] "Fighting hypocrisy, injustice and death," Upstream: The International Oil & Gas News (21 Aug. 1998), p. 19.
[264] Drucker, Post-Capitalist Society, supra n. 1.
[265] Figures on market capitalisation from three INTERNET sites on 10 Apr. 1999: Yahoo!Finance Quotes/Profile <http://quote.yahoo.com/>; Quicken.com Quotes <http://www.quicken.com/investments/snapshot/>; AOL Personal Finance quotes center.
[266] Forbes Global Business & Finance (17 May 1999), p. 52.
[267] A. Abelson, "Rx for Asia," Barron's Online (15 Dec. 1997), <http://interactive.wsj.com/pages/barrons.htm>, accessed on 16 Dec. 1997.
[268] Drucker, Post-Capitalist Society, supra n. 1, p. 182.
[269] "With Stock as Bait, Microsoft Lures Elite Professors", International Herald Tribune (6 Apr. 1999), p. 1.
[270] "The Caux Round Table Principles for Business: An international ethics statement for business" (1994), section 3, <http://www.cauxroundtable.org/ENGLISH.HTM>, accessed on 25 May 1999.
[271] The International Code of Ethics for Canadian Business, <http://www.uottawa.ca/hrrec/busethics/codeint.html>, accessed on 28 Mar. 1999.
[272] Ibid.
[273] J. Schierbeck/Confederation of Danish Industries (Dansk Industri), Industry and Human Rights (Apr. 1998).
[274] Ibid.
[275] Business for Social Responsibility, "Frequently Asked Questions," <http://www.bsr.org/>, accessed on 5 June 1999.
[276] Business for Social Responsibility, "Human Rights," <http://www.bsr.org/resourcecenter/>, accessed on 5 June 1999; Nelson/The Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum, Business as Partners in Development, supra n. 62, p. 267.
[277] Business for Social Responsibility, "Human Rights," supra n. 276.
[278] Confederation of Norwegian Business and Industry, "Checklist for corporations/enterprises interested in investing strategic efforts in human rights issues," <http://www.nho.no/NHOWEB/nyttogny.nsf/web/english.htm> (click "Position papers," then "Human rights from the perspective of business and industry - a checklist," then "Checklist for corporations/enterprises…"), accessed on 14 Sep. 1999.
[279] Confederation of Norwegian Business and Industry, "English version: Human rights from the perspective of business and industry - a checklist," <http://www.nho.no/NHOWEB/nyttogny.nsf/web/english.htm> (click "Position papers," then "Human rights from the perspective of business and industry - a checklist"), accessed on 14 Sep. 1999.
[280] Confederation of Norwegian Business and Industry, "Business and industry's ethical and social responsibility," <http://www.nho.no/NHOWEB/nyttogny.nsf/web/english.htm> (click "Position papers," then "Human rights from the perspective of business and industry - a checklist," then "Business and industry's ethical and social responsibility"), accessed on 14 Sep. 1999.
[281] Ibid.
[282] Ibid.
[283] M. Williams, "Private enterprise: Human centred development," in Reoch (ed.), Human Rights: The new consensus, supra n. 173, p. 123.
[284] Amnesty International, "Human Rights Principles For Companies," supra n. 160.
[285] ICFTU, "The ICFTU/ITS Basic Code of Labour Practice," <http://www.icftu.org/english/tncs/tncscode98.html>, accessed on 28 Mar. 1999.
[286] S. Pursey, "Multinational Enterprises and the World of Work: Globalisation with a Human Face," <http://www.icftu.org/english/tncs/tncs98ilo.html>, accessed on 28 Mar. 1999.
[287] Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce, supra n. 48, p. 94.
[288] ICHRDD, "Globalisation, Trade and Human Rights," supra n. 68, summary of comments by K. Roth, Executive Director of Human Rights Watch.
[289] Levi Strauss & Co, "Global Sourcing and Operating Guidelines: Evaluation & Compliance," <http://www.levistrauss.com/about/code.html>, accessed on 27 May 1999.
[290] Levi Strauss & Co., "Global Sourcing and Operating Guidelines: Business Partner Terms of Engagement," <http://www.levistrauss.com/about/code.html>, accessed on 27 May 1999.
[291] Levi Strauss & Co., "Country Assessment Guidelines," <http://www.irrc.org/labor/levis.htm>, accessed on 23 May 1999.
[292] Ibid.
[293] T. Smith, "Transnational influence: The power of business," in Reoch (ed.), Human Rights: The new consensus, supra n. 173, p. 151.
[294] Reebok, "Reebok Human Rights Production Standards," supra n. 69.
[295] Ibid.
[296] Reebok, "About the Reebok Human Rights Award," <http://www.reebok.com/humanrights/about.html>, accessed on 23 May 1999.
[297] The Body Shop, "Trading Charter," <http://www.the-body-shop.com/aboutus/body-charter.html>, accessed on 23 May 1999.
[298] The Body Shop, Our Agenda (1996), p. 6.
[299] Ibid., p. 7.