Business and Human Rights in a Time of Change (Christopher L. Avery, Nov. 1999)
Endnotes 400-521
links to Endnotes 1-99...Endnotes 100-199...Endnotes 200-299...Endnotes 300-399
[400] Global Exchange, "An Open Letter to Nike Shareholders, Workers, and Consumers from the Global Exchange Fact-Finding Mission to Indonesia" (16 Sep. 1996).
[401] IMGES, Eliminating Sweatshop Practices (San Salvador: IMGES, Apr. 1997), quoted in Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce, supra n. 48, p. 27.
[402] International Labour Office, Governing Body, Working Party on the Social Dimensions of the Liberalization of International Trade, "Overview of global developments and Office activities concerning codes of conduct, social labelling and other private sector initiatives addressing labour issues," Doc. GB.273/WP/SDL/1 (Rev.1) (Nov. 1998), para. 65, <http://www.ilo.org/public/english/20gb/docs/gb273/sdl-1.htm>, accessed on 19 May 1999.
[403] Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility, "A Step Towards Eliminating Sweatshops: The White House Apparel Industry Partnership Report," <http://www.sweatshopwatch.org/swatch/what/iccr_report.html>, accessed on 28 Mar. 1999.
[404] Roddick and Roddick, "Foreword," supra n. 339.
[405] NetAid, "Why NetAid?," <http://www.netaid.org/netaid/index.htm>, accessed on 14 Sep. 1999.
[406] NetAid, "Our Mission Today," <http://www.netaid.org/netaid/mission.htm>, accessed on 14 Sep. 1999.
[407] T. Lippman, "An Unlikely Net Alliance; Cisco, U.N. Plan Site to Fight Third World Poverty," Washington Post (12 Aug. 1999), <http://www.corpwatch.org/trac/corner/worldnews/other/429.html>, accessed on 14 Sep. 1999.
[408] Ibid.
[409] Ibid.
[410] NetAid home page, <http://www.netaid.org/index.htm>, accessed on 14 Sep. 1999.
[411] Ibid.
[412] S. Schiesel, "With Concerts and Web Site, U.N. Agency Attacks Poverty," New York Times (12 Aug. 1999), <http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/08/biztech/articles/12aid.html>, accessed on 14 Sep. 1999.
[413] T. Lippman, "An Unlikely Net Alliance," supra n. 407.
[414] NetAid, "Clinton, Mandela and Blair Make First Hits on NetAid Website," <http://www.netaid.org/press/47.htm>, accessed on 14 Sep. 1999.
[415] Ibid.
[416] Transnational Resource and Action Center (TRAC), "Key United Nations Agency Solicits Funds from Corporations" (12 Mar. 1999), <http://www.corpwatch.org/trac/undp/undppress.html>, accessed on 15 Sep. 1999; "A Letter From International Human Rights, Environment and Development Organizations to James Gustave Speth, Administrator of the UNDP, Maarch 12, 1999," <http://www.corpwatch.org/trac/undp/letter.html>, accessed on 14 Sep. 1999; "UNDP Administrator James Gustave Speth's Response, March 17, 1999," <http://www.corpwatch.org/trac/undp/response.html>, accessed on 14 Sep. 1999; "The Reply to Mr. Speth from International Human Rights, Environment and Development Organizations, April 14, 1999," <http://www.corpwatch.org/trac/undp/letter2.html>, accessed on 14 Sep. 1999; N. Klein, "U.N. pact with business masks real dangers," The Toronto Star (19 Mar. 1999), <http://www.igc.org/trac/undp/star.html>, accessed on 14 Sep. 1999; F. Haq/Inter Press Service, "Report Faults UNDP Partnership with Corporations," <http://www.igc.org/trac/undp/ips.html>, accessed on 14 Sep. 1999; J. Oleck, "Will the UN Sell a Seal of Approval?" Business Week (22 Mar. 1999) <http://www.igc.org/trac/undp/buswk.html>, accessed on 14 Sep. 1999; T. Deen/Inter Press Service, "UN: Pitfalls of Private Sector Involvement" (20 Apr. 1999), <http://www.corpwatch.org/trac/undp/ips2.html>, accessed on 14 Sep. 1999; "Agency Assailed For Soliciting Money From Companies," UN Foundation (12 Mar. 1999) <http://www.igc.org/trac/undp/unfoundation.html>, accessed on 14 Sep. 1999.
[417] TRAC, "Key United Nations Agency Solicits Funds From Corporations," supra n. 416.
[418] Ibid.; TRAC, website concerning UNDP partnership with corporations, <http://www.corpwatch.org/trac/undp/index.html>, accessed on 14 Sep. 1999; Klein, "U.N. pact with business masks real dangers," supra n. 416.
[419] TRAC, "Key United Nations Agency Solicits Funds From Corporations," supra n. 416; Klein, "U.N. pact with business masks real dangers," supra n. 416.
[420] Ibid.
[421] Deen/IPS, "UN: Pitfalls of Private Sector Involvement," supra n. 416; see also "UNDP Administrator James Gustave Speth's Response," supra n. 416.
[422] Ibid.
[423] Deen/IPS, "UN: Pitfalls of Private Sector Involvement," supra n. 416.
[424] U.N. World Food Program, "The Hunger Site," <http://www.thehungersite.com>, accessed on 20 Sep. 1999.
[425] World Bank, "About BPD: What is Business Partners for Development (BPD)?," <http://www.worldbank.org/bpd/about.htm>, accessed on 20 May 1999.
[426] World Bank, "About BPD: Why do we need BPD [Business Partners for Development]?," <http://www.worldbank.org/bpd/about.htm>, accessed on 20 May 1999.
[427] World Bank, "BPD Partners," <http://www.worldbank.org/bpd/partners.htm>, accessed on 20 May 1999.
[428] World Bank, Business Partners for Development, memo (Apr. 1999).
[429] Kennedy, "API: Petroleum execs face non-market pressures," supra n. 83.
[430] Daviss, "Profits from Principle," supra n. 79, p. 33.
[431] Chandler, "The New Corporate Challenge," supra n. 164, p. 68.
[432] G. Chandler, "The wages of oppression," Financial Times (10 Dec. 1998).
[433] "Shell to consult pressure groups," Financial Times (17 Mar. 1997).
[434] Chandler, "Oil Companies and Human Rights", supra n. 103, p. 5.
[435] Schwartz and Gibb, When Good Companies Do Bad Things, supra n. 28, pp. 177-78.
[436] Chandler, "Oil Companies and Human Rights", supra n. 103, p. 5.
[437] Chandler, "Do the Right Thing," supra n. 195, p. 23.
[438] Drucker, Drucker on Asia, supra n. 94, p. 126.
[439] Ibid., pp. 126-27.
[440] Chandler, "Do the Right Thing," supra n. 195, pp. 22-23.
[441] The Economist Intelligence Unit, "Just don't," Business Asia: Fortnightly Report to Managers of Asia Operations (28 July 1997), pp. 1-2.
[442] Ibid., p. 1.
[443] Chandler, "The New Corporate Challenge," supra n. 164, p. 68.
[444] The Economist Intelligence Unit, "Just don't," supra n. 441, p. 2.
[445] Ibid.
[446] Chandler, "Do the Right Thing," supra n. 195, p. 23.
[447] D. Lamb, "Job Opportunity or Exploitation," Los Angeles Times (business section) (18 Apr. 1999); Global Exchange, "An Open Letter to Nike Shareholders, Workers, and Consumers…," supra n. 400.
[448] E. Bernard, "Ensuring Monitoring is not Coopted," supra n. 327, pp. 10-12.
[449] United Press International, "Indonesian worker outside NikeTown" (22 July 1996).
[450] Nike, "Nike Responds to Sweatshop Allegations," supra n. 399.
[451] Ibid.
[452] Philip Knight (Nike Chairman and CEO), "To Our Shareholders" (June 1996).
[453] Reuter, "Rally seeks higher pay for Nike Indonesia workers" (15 July 1996); United Press International, "Indonesian worker outside NikeTown" (22 July 1996); Associated Press, "Nike Contests Sweatshop Charge" (17 Sep. 1996); Nike, "Nike Responds to Sweatshop Allegations," supra n. 399; Philip Knight (Nike Chairman and CEO), "To Our Shareholders" (June 1996).
[454] Global Exchange, "An Open Letter to Nike Shareholders, Workers, and Consumers…," supra n. 400.
[455] "Andrew Youngs Report," <http://207.87.4.130/social/labor/ay.html>, accessed on 20 Apr. 1999.
[456] Ibid.; L. Himelstein, "Commentary: Nike hasn't scrubbed its image yet," Business Week (7 July 1997), p. 32; Asia Monitor Resource Centre and Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee, "Working Conditions in Sports Shoe Factories in China Making Shoes for Nike and Reebok" (Sep. 1997), <http://www.summersault.com/~agj/clr/alerts/hong_kong_reports_3.html>, accessed on 18 Apr. 1999.
[457] S. Beck, "Nike in sweat over heat raised by claims of biased assessment," South China Morning Post (6 July 1997), Money p. 2, <http://www.saigon.com/~nike/news/scmp2.htm>, accessed on 18 Apr. 1999.
[458] Asia Monitor Resource Centre and Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee, "Working Conditions in Sports Shoe Factories in China…," supra n. 456.
[459] Ibid., Himelstein, "Commentary: Nike hasn't scrubbed its image yet," supra n. 456, p. 32; "Letter to Andrew Young" (4 Dec. 1997) <http://www.summersault.com/~agj/clr/alerts/letter_to_andrew_young.html>, accessed on 9 June 1999; Letter to the editor of The Business Journal (Portland, Oregon, U.S.) from Thuyen Nguyen, Vietnam Labor Watch, 9 July 1997, <http://www.saigon.com/nike/pr5.html>, accessed on 9 June 1999; The Just Don't Do It Campaign at the University of Michigan, "Nike drops the ball - the Andrew Young Report," <http://www-personal.umich.edu/~lormand/nike/nike101-5.htm>, accessed on 18 Apr. 1999
[460] "Conditions Assailed at Nike Plant," International Herald Tribune (10 Nov. 1997).
[461] Complaint in the case of Mark Kasky (on behalf of the general public of the State of California) v. Nike, Inc. (20 Apr. 1998), <http://www.corpwatch.org/trac/nike/lawsuit.html>, accessed on 26 Apr. 1999.
[462] "USA: Nike sued over sweatshop conditions" (20 Apr. 1998), <http://diana.law.yale.edu/diana/db/5798-3.html>, accessed on 19 Apr. 1999.
[463] Ibid.
[464] Ibid.
[465] Complaint in the case of Mark Kasky, supra n. 461.
[466] Defendants Nike…reply memorandum in support of demurrer to plaintiff's first amended complaint in the case of Mark Kasky (on behalf of the general public of the State of California) v. Nike, Inc., San Francisco Superior Court (23 Oct. 1998).
[467] "Nike Wins Dismissal of Suit Alleging It Runs Asian Sweatshops," International Herald Tribune (8 Feb. 1999).
[468] Ibid.; Telephone interview with law firm of Bushnell, Caplan & Fielding (attorneys for plaintiff), 19 Apr. 1999.
[469] Appellant's opening brief, Kasky v. Nike, Inc., Case No. A086142 San Francisco Superior Court.
[470] E.J. Dionne Jr, "Swoosh! Public Shaming Nets Results," International Herald Tribune (15 May 1998); "Critics Force Changes on Nike," International Herald Tribune (14 May 1998).
[471] Ibid.
[472] Lamb, "Job Opportunity or Exploitation," supra n. 447.
[473] Nike, "Progress report on key manufacturing initiatives as pledged by Nike CEO Philip H. Knight in May, 1998."
[474] Telephone interview with Vada Manager, Nike (22 Apr. 1999).
[475] International Youth Foundation, "Who We Are," <http://www.iyfnet.org/who/who.html>, accessed on 18 May 1999.
[476] International Youth Foundation, "Global Alliance formed to enhance workers' lives," <http://www.iyfnet.org/globalalliance.html>, accessed on 18 May 1999.
[477] Ibid.
[478] "Global Alliance for Workers and Communities: Program Overview".
[479] Telephone interview with staff at Global Alliance for Workers and Communities, 21 May 1999.
[480] Nike, "Progress report…," supra n. 473.
[481] Campaign for Labor Rights, "Update on Nike/Vietnam Scandal: Background" (26 Jan. 1999), <http://www.summersault.com/~agj/clr/alerts/nikevietupdate.html>, accessed on 18 Apr. 1999.
[482] Amnesty International news release, "Fiftieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights" (AI Index ACT 30/26/98, 10 Dec. 1998), <http://www.amnesty.org/news/1998/A3002698.htm>, accessed on 21 May 1999.
[483] U.N. General Assembly, "Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms," adopted 9 Dec. 1998, U.N. Doc. A/RES/53/144 (1999), <http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/Res_53_144.html>, accessed on 26 May 1999.
[484] T. Bissell, "Analysis of New Developments," in Campaign for Labor Rights, "Update on Nike/Vietnam Scandal," supra n. 481.
[485] Campaign for Labor Rights, "Nike ducks responsibility" (2 Feb. 1999), <http://www.summersault.com/~agj/clr/alerts/nikeducksresponsibility.html>, accessed on 18 Apr. 1999.
[486] Ibid.
[487] Letter from L. Stewart, Vice President, Law & Corporate Affairs, Nike, to Cu Thi Hau, President, Vietnam Confederation of Labour (24 Feb. 1999).
[488] Telephone interview with Vada Manager, Nike (22 Apr. 1999).
[489] Bernstein, "Sweatshops: No More Excuses," supra n. 381, p. 111.
[490] "Human rights: Western or universal?" will be available at the same website as this report: "Business and Human Rights: reports by Christopher Avery···links to other websites," <http://business-humanrights.org> or alternatively <http://business-humanrights.org/index.html>.
[491] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, supra n. 9, preamble.
[492] Chandler, "Oil Companies and Human Rights", supra n. 103, p. 4.
[493] "The Caux Round Table Principles for Business," supra n. 270, section 3 (Stakeholder principles: Communities).
[494] "Recommendations to a company doing business in China" and "Recommendations to a company doing business in Colombia" are available at the same website as this report: "Business and Human Rights: reports by Christopher Avery···links to other websites," <http://business-humanrights.org> or alternatively <http://business-humanrights.org/index.html>.
[495] Nelson/The Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum, Business as Partners in Development, supra n. 62; see also J. Nelson/The Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum, Building competitiveness and communities: How world class companies are creating shareholder value and societal value (London: The Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum, 1998).
[496] M. Alperson, Foundations for a New Democracy (Randburg, South Africa: Ravan Press, 1995).
[497] H. Kleinschmidt, "Corporate do-gooding 'suspect'," supplement to Mail & Guardian ("Investing in the Future: Special focus on corporate social responsibility") (Oct. 1997), pp. 4, 6.
[498] "Kagiso Trust," <http://www.amandla.org/za/host/org/kt.html>, accessed on 1 June 1999.
[499] Kleinschmidt, "Corporate do-gooding 'suspect'," supra n 497, p. 4.
[500] Ibid., p. 4, 6.
[501] P. Sundar, "Business, Society and Philanthropy," in Footprints of Enterprise: Indian Business Through the Ages, ed. Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 261.
[502] "Welcome to ActionAid's website," <http://www.oneworld.org/actionaid/home.html>, accessed on 4 Nov. 1999.
[503] "The Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum," <http://www.oneworld.org/pwblf/Who/Index.html>, accessed on 4 Nov. 1999.
[504] "About Philippine Business for Social Progress," <http://www.pbsp.org.ph/about.htm>, accessed on 4 Nov. 1999.
[505] "NBI: National Business Initiative," <http://www.nbi.org.za/>, accessed on 4 Nov. 1999.
[506] "Involving Businesses in HRD," <http://www.escap-hrd.org/resources/features/tbird.htm>, accessed on 4 Nov. 1999.
[507] Nelson/The Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum, Business as Partners in Development, supra n. 62, pp. 275-77.
[508] The Center for Corporate Community Relations at Boston College, "The Standards of Excellence in Community Relations: Guiding Principles for Community Relations Practice" (1997).
[509] Feeney, Accountable Aid: Local Participation in Major Projects, supra n.193, pp. 146-49.
[510] Kanter, "From Spare Change to Real Change," supra n. 76, p. 126.
[511] Philippines Commission on Human Rights, Barangay Human Rights Action Center Handbook (undated); Discussion with Carlos Medina, Jr., Executive Director, Ateneo Human Rights Center, Manila, 19 Nov. 1996; A. Velasco, "Prodem-Misor and partners put up first human rights center in the South," Quarterly: Ayala Foundation, Inc. (Apr.-June 1996), p. 8.
[512] Ayala Foundation, "Message of the President and the Executive Director," Annual Report 1995, p. 6.
[513] Hoover's Online, company capsule of Tata Enterprises, <http://www.hoovers.com/>, accessed on 21 Aug. 1999.
[514] Drucker, Post-Capitalist Society, supra n. 1, p. 62.
[515] Thurow, The Future of Capitalism, supra n. 3, p. 115.
[516] C. Derber, Corporation Nation (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), p. 44.
[517] Harvard Law School Human Rights Program, comment by Aaron Bernstein (workplace editor of Business Week magazine), Business and Human Rights: An Interdisciplinary Discussion Held at Harvard Law School in December 1997 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Law School Human Rights Program, 1999), p. 24
[518] U.N., "Address by Mr. Kofi Annan to the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, Washington, D.C., 8 June 1999," <http://www.un.org/partners/business/sgstat1.htm>, accessed on 30 July 1999.
[519] U.N., "The Global Compact," <http://www.un.org/partners/business/globcomp.htm>, accessed on 30 Oct. 1999.
[520] ILO, "ILO Director-General urges business to become 'part of the solution' to challenge of globalization" (5 Nov. 1999), <http://www.ilo.org/public/english/235press/pr/1999/36.htm>, accessed on 16 Nov. 1999.
[521] Thurow, The Future of Capitalism, supra n. 3, pp. 308-9.