Business and Human Rights in a Time of Change (Christopher L. Avery, Nov. 1999)
Endnotes 100-199
links to endnotes 1-99...endnotes 200-299...endnotes 300-399...endnotes 400-521
[100] Information about the arrest, detention, trial and execution from Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report 1996 (London: Amnesty International Publications, 1996), pp. 237-38.
[101] Royal Dutch/Shell, Profits and Principles - does there have to be a choice? (1998), p. 16.
[102] E. Imomoh, General Manager: Eastern Division, Shell Petroleum, on Africa Express, Channel 4 TV, UK (18 Apr. 1996), quoted in McIntosh, et al., Corporate Citizenship, supra n. 21, p. 123.
[103] G. Chandler, "Exploitation is our responsibility," Sunday Business (U.K.) (16 Aug. 1998); G. Chandler, "Oil Companies and Human Rights," Oxford Energy Forum (Nov. 1997), p. 3.
[104] Elkington, Cannibals with forks, supra n. 40, p. 8.
[105] Wah, "Treading the Sacred Ground," supra n. 26, p. 18.
[106] "Survey: Human-Rights Law; The power of publicity," The Economist (5 Dec. 1998), p. 13.
[107] R. Reich, "The New Meaning of Corporate Social Responsibility," California Management Review (Winter 1998), p. 10.
[108] E&P Forum (The Oil Industry International Exploration & Production Forum, London), MORI-conducted opinion poll (1995).
[109] Royal Dutch/Shell, Profits and Principles, supra n. 101, p. 2.
[110] Sutherland, address to Amnesty International, supra n. 84, p. 9.
[111] The Center for Corporate Community Relations at Boston College, "Consumers Reward Social Responsibility, Finds Center Study," Corporate Community Relations Letter (Dec. 1994), pp. 1-2.
[112] S. McFadden, Garment Workers Study (Arlington, Virginia: Marymount University Center for Ethical Concerns, ICR Survey Research Group, 1995), cited in D. Spar, "Foreign Investment and Human Rights," Challenge (Jan.-Feb. 1999), p. 72, fn. 43.
[113] D. Birnbaum, "Forget MFN, the Consumers Are Coming!" Wall Street Journal (9 Apr. 1996).
[114] S. Wollenberg/Associated Press, "PepsiCo Pulls Out of Burma" (27 Jan. 1997); J. Mathews (Washington Post staff writer), "Pepsi to sell Burma Plant, Citing Protests" (24 Apr. 1996), <http:www.soros.org/textfiles/burma/pepsi_wash.txt>, accessed on 27 May 1999.
[115] The Center for Corporate Community Relations at Boston College, "Surveys Say…Consumers more aware of social performance," Corporate Community Relations Letter (July/Aug. 1995), p. 5.
[116] Ibid.
[117] Fruitman Consulting Group, An Exploration of the Feasibility of a "Clean Clothers" Programme in Canada (Study conducted for the Ontario District of UNITE, 1995). Available from the Union of Needle Trades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE), Toronto; referred to in Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce, supra n. 48, p. 36.
[118] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, supra n. 9, preamble.
[119] U.N., International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, preamble, <http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/b3ccpr.htm>, accessed on 6 June 1999; U.N., International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, preamble, <http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/b2esc.htm>, accessed on 6 June 1999.
[120] International Labour Office, Governing Body, Working Party on the Social Dimensions of the Liberalization of International Trade, "Further examination of questions concerning private initiatives, including codes of conduct," Doc. GB.274/WP/SDL/1 (Mar. 1999), para. 8, <http://www.ilo.org/public/english/20gb/docs/gb274/sdl-1.htm>, accessed on 19 May 1999.
[121] U.N., "The Global Compact," <http://www.un.org/partners/business/fs1.htm>, accessed on 30 July 1999; see also U.N., "The Global Compact," <http://www.un.org/partners/business/globcomp.htm>, accessed on 15 Nov. 1999.
[122] Ibid.
[123] Ibid.
[124] U.N., "Business leaders advocate a stronger United Nations and take up challenge of Secretary-General's Global Compact" (5 July 1999), <http://www.un.org/partners/business/iccun1.htm>, accessed on 30 July 1999.
[125] U.N., "Statement by Mary Robinson, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: Giving a Human Face to the Global Market - The Business Case for Human Rights" (WinConference '99, Interlaken, 10 June 1999), <http://www.un.org/partners/business/hchrstat.htm>, accessed on 30 July 1999.
[126] United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development, supra n. 44, Art. 2(2).
[127] Ibid., Art. 3(3).
[128] U.N. Commission on Human Rights, "Globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights," resolution 1999/59, <http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/b9f7cf403384cb27802567660047d603?Opendocument>, accessed on 27 Oct. 1999.
[129] U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, "Globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights," resolution 1999/29, <http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/c8ccf8b4eeac6226802567ed0054ec5c?Opendocument>, accessed on 27 Oct. 1999.
[130] U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, "The relationship between the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights and the right to development, and the working methods and activities of transnational corporations," resolution 1998/8, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1999/4, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/45 (1998), p. 30, <http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/0811fcbd0b9f6bd58025667300306dea/02f03447db7e5f5a80256672005778e8?OpenDocument>, accessed on 27 Oct. 1999.
[131] U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, "Report of the sessional working group on the working methods and activities of transnational corporations on its first session," U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/9 (12 Aug. 1999), paras. 32-34, <http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/8fd5a0232e3c2a68802567d6003b1143?Opendocument>, accessed on 21 Oct. 1999.
[132] U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, "Human rights and income distribution," resolution 1998/14, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1999/4, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/45 (1998), p. 42, <http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/0811fcbd0b9f6bd58025667300306dea/848c2659041ed9b28025667200598987?OpenDocument>, accessed on 27 Oct. 1999; U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, "The Social Forum," resolution 1999/10, <http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/2738057e702de311802567e000319473?Opendocument>, accessed on 27 Oct. 1999>.
[133] U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, "Trade liberalization and its impact on human rights," resolution 1999/30, para. 1, <http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/fd0ad067cc91f1a1802567ed00551e7e?Opendocument>, accessed on 27 Oct. 1999.
[134] U.N., Report of the World Summit for Social Development, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.166/9 (1995), Annex I (Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development).
[135] Ibid., Annex II (Programme of Action of the World Summit for Social Development), para. 83(d).
[136] Ibid., para. 12(e).
[137] ILO, "Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy," adopted Nov. 1977, para. 1, <http://www.ilo.org/public/english/85multi/tridecl/index.htm>, accessed on 23 May 1999.
[138] Ibid.
[139] Ibid., para. 2.
[140] Ibid., para. 8.
[141] International Labour Conference, "ILO Declaration on fundamental principles and rights at work" (June 1998), <http://www.ilo.org/public/english/10ilc/ilc86/com-dtxt.htm>, accessed on 23 May 1999.
[142] OECD, "OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises," <http://www.oecd.org/daf/cmis/cime/mnetext.htm>, accessed on 11 May 1999.
[143] Ibid.
[144] OECD, "Development Partnerships in the New Global Context," <http://www.oecd.org/dac/htm/dpngc.htm>, accessed on 20 May 1999.
[145] Ibid.
[146] OECD, "Shaping the 21st Century: The Contribution of Development Co-operation," <http://www.oecd.org/dac/pdf/stc.pdf>, accessed on 22 May 1999.
[147] Ibid.
[148] European Parliament resolution A4-0508/98, "Code of conduct for European enterprises operating in developing countries," adopted Jan. 1999, full text at <http://www.multinationals.law.eur.nl/documents/cmp/coc99.html>, accessed on 27 May 1999; see also Department of Public Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, "European Parliament's Decision on MNCs," <http://www.multinationals.law.eur.nl>, accessed on 27 May 1999.
[149] "Peter Frankental, project manager of the Business Group of Amnesty International UK, asks Richard Howitt MEP about the significance of the European Parliament's resolution," Human rights & Business matters (Amnesty International UK Business Group Newsletter) (spring 1999), p. 2.
[150] "Government action on responsible business," Human rights & Business matters (Amnesty International UK Business Group Newsletter) (spring 1999), p. 3.
[151] Ibid.
[152] Department for International Development (DFID), Partnerships with Business, p. 1.
[153] The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Explanatory Statement on the 1998 Budget, Second Chamber of the States General, 1997-1998, no. 25600, Chapter V, no. 2, referred to in The Dutch Sections of Amnesty International and Pax Christi International, Multinational Enterprises and Human Rights (1998), pp. 19-20.
[154] U.S. Government, "Model Business Principles" (May 1995).
[155] C. Chandler, "Code of Conduct: Draft Assailed: Rights Groups Criticize Administration's Rules for US Firms Abroad," New York Times (28 Mar. 1995), p. D4; C. Forcese, Commerce with conscience? Human Rights and Corporate Codes of Conduct (Montréal: International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, 1997), p. 60, endnote 1.
[156] Forcese, Commerce with conscience? Human Rights and Corporate Codes of Conduct, supra n. 155, p. 60, endnote 1.
[157] "Government responds to call for federal task force on sweatshops," Press release issued by NGOs following 11 May 1999 meeting to discuss sweatshop issues (11 May 1999).
[158] Excerpt from remarks by President Nelson Mandela at launch of National Business Initiative (Mar. 1995), in National Business Initiative, "Enhancing the Business Contribution to Make our Society Work for All" (undated).
[159] Excerpt from remarks by President Nelson Mandela to the World Economic Forum Southern Africa Economic Summit, referred to in World Economic Forum, "Presidents Mugabe and Mandela appeal for efforts to globalize sub-saharan Africa at the World Economic Forum's international business summit in Harare, Zimbabwe" (21 May 1997), <http://www.weforum.org/publications/press_releases/zaes97_globalize210597.asp>, accessed on 1 June 1999; e-mail from L. Stott, Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum, 31 Mar. 1998.
[160] Amnesty International, "Human Rights Principles for Companies" (AI Index ACT 70/01/98, Jan. 1998).
[161] Amnesty International, "Nigeria: Time to end contempt for human rights" (AI Index AFR 44/14/96, 6 Nov. 1996), p. 25.
[162] Amnesty International, "Human rights are everybody's business" (AI Index ASA 17/18/96), Jan. 1996.
[163] Chandler, "Oil Companies and Human Rights," supra n. 103, p. 4.
[164] G. Chandler, "The New Corporate Challenge: Globalization requires companies to do more than seek higher profits," Time (1 Feb. 1999), p. 68, <http://cgi.pathfinder.com/time/reports/davos/corp_challenge.html>, accessed on 3 Apr. 1999.
[165] Human Rights Watch, "Working Guidelines on Business and Human Rights" (June 1997).
[166] Human Rights Watch, Mexico - No Guarantees: Sex Discrimination in Mexico's Maquiladora Sector (Aug. 1996), <http://www.hrw.org/hrw/summaries/s.mexico968.html>, accessed on 27 May 1999.
[167] Human Rights Watch, Mexico - A Job or Your Rights: Continued Sex Discrimination in Mexico's Maquiladora Sector (Dec. 1998), <http://www.hrw.org/hrw/reports98/women2/>, accessed on 27 May 1999.
[168] Human Rights Watch, Colombia: Human rights concerns raised by the security arrangements of transnational oil companies (Apr. 1998), <http://www.hrw.org/hrw/advocacy/corporations/colombia/index.htm>, accessed on 27 May 1999.
[169] Human Rights Watch, The Enron Corporation: Corporate Complicity in Human Rights Violations (1999), <http://www.hrw.org/hrw/reports/1999/enron/>, accessed on 26 May 1999.
[170] Ibid., p. 4.
[171] Human Rights Watch, The Price of Oil, supra n. 99.
[172] Global Exchange, "Global Economy: China: What It's All About," <http://www.globalexchange.org/economy/corporations/china/overview.html>, accessed on 4 Nov. 1999; Global Exchange, "US Business Principles for Human Rights of Workers in China," <http://www.globalexchange.org/economy/corporations/china/principles.html>, accessed on 4 Nov. 1999; S. Billenness/Trillium Asset Management, "New Initiatives on China and Tibet," Investing for a Better World (Oct. 1999), p. 7.
[173] U.N. World Conference on Human Rights, NGO Forum Final Report (June 1993), Working Group D, recommendation 30 and Working Group 5, recommendation 3, in R. Reoch (ed.), Human Rights: The new consensus (London: Regency Press, 1994), pp. 230-51.
[174] The Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility, The Ecumenical Council for Corporate Responsibility, and The Taskforce on the Churches and Corporate Responsibility, Principles for Global Corporate Responsibility: Bench Marks for Measuring Business Performance (29 May 1998).
[175] Ibid.
[176] Council on Economic Priorities, "CEPAA - A General Introduction," <http://www.cepaa.org/intro.htm>, accessed on 18 Aug. 1999; McIntosh, et al., Corporate Citizenship, supra n. 21, pp. 246-49.
[177] Council on Economic Priorities, Shopping for a Better World (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1994); Council on Economic Priorities, "Screen: Corporate Social Responsibility Research Service For Investors" ; Council on Economic Priorities, "Global Screen"; The Council on Economic Priorities, The Corporate Report Card: Rating 250 of America's Corporations for the Socially Responsible Investor (New York: Dutton/Penguin, 1998).
[178] Council on Economic Priorities, Tenth Annual Corporate Conscience Awards (1996).
[179] World Monitors, <http://www.worldmonitors.com>, accessed on 22 Sep. 1999.
[180] Xi Mi, "Business code helps to raise ethics," China Daily (Beijing) (24 Oct. 1995).
[181] "California Global Corporate Accountability Project," <http://www.nautilus.org/cap/index.html>, accessed on 6 June 1999.
[182] Ibid., "Bay Area Groups to Examine Human Rights and Environmental Claims of California High Tech and Oil Companies," <http://www.nautilus.org/cap/news/pr011499.html>, accessed on 6 June 1999.
[183] ICHRDD, "Globalisation, Trade and Human Rights," supra n. 68.
[184] Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce, supra n. 48, pp. 8-9.
[185] "Ethical Trading Initiative," <http://www.ethicaltrade.org>, accessed on 25 May 1999.
[186] P. Feeney, "New development agenda," in Reoch (ed.), Human Rights: The new consensus, supra n. 173, p. 35.
[187] "Quito Declaration…On the enforcement and realization of economic, social, and cultural rights in Latin America and the Caribbean" (24 July 1998), para. 17, Center for Economic and Social Rights website ("publications"), <http://www.cesr.org/>, accessed on 11 Aug. 1999.
[188] Ibid., paras 87-90.
[189] Center for Economic and Social Rights, "About CESR," <http://www.cesr.org/about.htm>, accessed on 12 Aug. 1999.
[190] C. Jochnick, "The Human Rights Challenge to Global Poverty" (Feb. 1999), sec. IV-A, Center for Economic and Social Rights website ("publications"), <http://www.cesr.org/>, accessed on 11 Aug. 1999.
[191] Partners in Change/ActionAid, "Corporate Partnership: Making Social Responsibility Work" (brochure describing the work of Partners in Change).
[192] Ibid.
[193] P. Feeney, Accountable Aid: Local Participation in Major Projects (Oxford: Oxfam Publications, 1998).
[194] Ibid., pp. 146-49.
[195] G. Chandler, "Do the Right Thing," Green Futures (Mar./Apr. 1999), p. 23.
[196] Ibid.
[197] The Fund for Peace, "The Fund for Peace Foreign Policy Roundtable" (undated one-page description); "The Fund for Peace Foreign Policy Roundtable: Report on a Dialogue Between Representatives of the Human Rights and Corporate Communities" (Jan. 1999).
[198] Amnesty International, "Business and human rights: Mutual responsibilities, converging agendas," speech given to the Keidanren by Rory Mungoven, Asia-Pacific Program Director of Amnesty International, Tokyo (27 Feb. 1998).
[199] Remarks by Pierre Sané, Secretary General of Amnesty International, Offshore Northern Seas 13th International Conference and Exhibition, Stavenger, Norway (25-28 Aug. 1998).